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The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of tourist flows in terms of tourist arrivals and overnight stays by tourist destination in Romania in the years 2020 and 2021 of the Covid-19 pandemic compared to the year 2019. Graphics and fixed and variable basis and structural indices were used to show the difference of the level of these two indicators and their distribution by each destination. The year 2019 was the best for Romania's tourism when over 13.37 million arrivals and over 30.08 million overnight stays were registered. In 2020, the arrivals were by 52.16% lower than in 2019, and the overnight stays smaller by 48.45%, showing that this year was the worst, as a part of units were closed or worked at a reduced capacity, recording a lower revenue and even failed. Romanians saved tourism, being the dominant category who rediscovered the beauty of their own country both in 2020 and in 2021 when the restrictions were cancelled or limited. In 2021, the number of arrivals accounted for over 9.37 million and the number of overnight stays for over 20.83 million. The hierarchy of the tourist destinations in Romania based on the level of these two indicators is: Bucharest, the capital and the main cities, other localities and tourism itineraries, seaside resorts, mountain resorts, spa resorts and the Danube Delta and Tulcea City. The recovery of was not yet at the level of 2019, despite that in 2021, tourism managers have made special efforts to improve and diversify their offers and better satisfy their guests. This dynamics gives a hope that in coming years tourism will return to the level of 2019 or even to exceed it.
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In this paper, we provide an overview of the upcoming ImageCLEF campaign. ImageCLEF is part of the CLEF Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum since 2003. ImageCLEF, the Multimedia Retrieval task in CLEF, is an ongoing evaluation initiative that promotes the evaluation of technologies for annotation, indexing, and retrieval of multimodal data with the aim of providing information access to large collections of data in various usage scenarios and domains. In its 21st edition, ImageCLEF 2023 will have four main tasks: (i) a Medical task addressing automatic image captioning, synthetic medical images created with GANs, Visual Question Answering for colonoscopy images, and medical dialogue summarization;(ii) an Aware task addressing the prediction of real-life consequences of online photo sharing;(iii) a Fusion task addressing late fusion techniques based on the expertise of a pool of classifiers;and (iv) a Recommending task addressing cultural heritage content-recommendation. In 2022, ImageCLEF received the participation of over 25 groups submitting more than 258 runs. These numbers show the impact of the campaign. With the COVID-19 pandemic now over, we expect that the interest in participating, especially at the physical CLEF sessions, will increase significantly in 2023. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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The concepts of urban and peri-urban agriculture, although they are not new, are current as a result of the fact that one of the problems that arose during the Covid-19 crisis was that of food security as a result of the need to ensure food resources from nearby sources, in the conditions in which transport and other sectors of activity have reduced or suspended their activity. In this paper, we propose that, starting from the study of the specialized literature regarding urban and peri-urban agriculture, to identify their development possibilities, to identify the forms of practice of urban and peri-urban agriculture, to present the strengths and weaknesses weak related to their development and to propose solutions for their integration in the development of cities on a sustainable basis. The research methodology assumed the study of specialized literature, the consultation of internal and international databases, the processing and analysis of data with the aim of formulating conclusions that can be the basis of future studies, but also formulating conclusions that can be integrated into future policies regarding the development of urban and peri-urban agriculture, taking into account the fact that at the moment there is still no exact formulation regarding their support.
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The pandemic context has forced the acceleration of some major trends without developing an adequate support mechanism by the society, which determined the damage of the perception of the well-being by widely implementing teleworking. The aim of this research is to assess employee well-being correlated to professional development and competencies, autonomy, job satisfaction, commitment, emotional dimension, work-life balance and organizational climate, determined based on content analysis and customized in the context of telework. The information has been collected through a questionnaire performed in February-March 2021 and January-February 2022 in order to determine the change of perceiving in time the dimensions of evaluating the well-being and evolution trends, subject to a short period of investigation, corresponding to COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the variables considered was quantified using the regression models. The empirical results reveal that well-being in teleworking was associated with a favorable organizational climate and with higher competencies, observing the depreciation trend of perception. We found a statistically significant positive link between job satisfaction, a favorable balance work-life and the well-being of employees. Emotional exhaustion had a negative statistically significant impact on the well-being of employees. The autonomy paradox emphasizes that a high level of it negatively affects well-being. The evolution in perceiving engagement by respondents reveals an improvement of well-being by a higher frequency of positive affects in 2022, which reconsiders the initial opinion during the analyzed period. Inclusion of the gender dimension highlights significant differences in appreciating the well-being of employees in the context of teleworking. © 2022, Bucharest University of Economic Studies. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of Covid-19 infection on patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) in terms of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), hospitalization and mortality. Material adn method: In this retrospective study we analyzed patients known with DLC and admitted in the Gastroenterology Department with COVID-19 virus. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained to compare the development of ACLF, chronic liver failure- acute decompensation (CLIF-AD), hospitalization and the presence of independent factors of mortality in comparison with a non COVID-19 DLC group. All the patients enrolled were not vaccinated for COVID-19. Variables used in statistical analyses were obtained at the time of hospital admission. Results: Of 145 subjects (mean age 61 years;74.48% males), 31% were confirmed with COVID-19 infection. There were no significant differences in terms of ACLF [35.5% vs. 23%, (p=0.1712)] in COVID- 19 vs. non COVID-19 group, nor between MELD score values (20.62±8.46 vs.18.28±7.59, p=0.0997). After excluding subjects with ACLF, the CLIF-C AD score was calculated and significantly higher values were obtained in COVID-19 subjects (60.52 ±11.74 vs. 9.57 ±6.36, p<0.0001). 53.3% (24/45) of the subject from the COVID-19 group had CLIF-C AD > 60, and 66.7% of them died during admission. The length of hospital stay (days) was significantly longer in patients with COVID-19 infection (11.2±7.85 vs. 5.91±4.74, p<0.0001) and 46.7% (21/45) of the subjects with COVID-19 infection died during admission, while only 15% non COVID-19 died (p=0.0001). In univariate regression analysis CLIF-C AD (p=0.012), Child-Pugh (p=0.012), MELD values (p=0.004), and the presence of infections (p<0.001) were independent predictors of mortality. In multivariate regression analysis, the model including CLIF-C AD values (p=0.0036) and the presence of infections (p=0.0009) was associated with death during admission. Conclusions: COVID- 19 significantly influenced disease progression in patients with DLC in terms of CLIF- C AD, hospitalization and mortality and did not in terms of MELD and ACLF.
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The goal of the study is to analyze Romania's tourism in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 and 2021, in order to quantify the gaps compared to the highest performance achieved in 2019 and in what measure tourism started to recover. Offer in terms of units with function for tourists' accommodation, their number, structure and evolution, number of places and their dynamics by accommodation type, and demand in terms of arrivals, overnight stays both at national level and in rural tourism, index of net use of accommodation capacity, incoming and outgoing tourism were the main studied indicators using fixed basis and structural indices and comparison method. Compared to 2019, in 2021 the number of accommodation units reached 9,146, being by +8.8% higher and the number of places accounted for 364.5 thousand (+2.2%). In 2020, tourist arrivals represented 47.8% and in 2021 accounted for 69.3% of the 2019 level, and the overnight stays followed a similar situation. The main destinations were the seashore, mountain and spa resorts, Romanian tourists having about 90% share in total arrivals. The pandemic was an incentive for Romanians to "Rediscover Romania" and the holiday vouchers were of much help. In a low measure, mainly in 2021, outgoing tourism to Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Maldive, Egypt exceeded the incoming tourism. The year 2021 was better than 2020, as the relaxed measures started earlier than in 2020 and tourism managers adopted flexible offers, personalized packages, last minute, early booking, free cancelation, lower tariffs, bonuses etc. The increasing trend is a hope that in 2022 tourism will have a much better dynamics and there are chances to recover!
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The purpose of this paper is to identify: short supply chains (SFSC) in Sibiu County, Romania, in the context of the need of transformation for the current food chains;young people's attitude towards food and a healthy lifestyle and their behavior in the current context of the Covid pandemic 19. Data were collected from public authorities, local organizations and websites of manufacturers and processors. A questionnaire was developed and was applied online between October 30 and November 20, 2021, among students (bachelor's and master's) from faculties with an agri-food profile. It was completed by a number of 222 people, and the data were synthesized, tabulated and analyzed. In Sibiu County, 17 types of short food supply chains (SFSC) have been identified, which can be examples of good practice in the necessary transformation of the current food system towards sustainability. Young consumers have a positive attitude towards food and a healthy lifestyle, without having significant behavioral changes in the current context of the pandemic. The results of this study may have implications for establishing marketing strategies for young people.
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The paper analyzed the dynamics of tourist arrivals and overnight stays in Romania during the COVID-19 pandemic versus 2019 and expectations in 2022. The methodology includes dynamics and structural indices and regression equations. Of the highest performance achieved in 2019, tourist demand declined to 48% in 2020 and 65% arrivals in 2021, and to 64% and 67% overnight stays. Hotels accounted for 64-67% in total arrivals and 45- 64% in stays. The Romanians' share during the pandemic was 92.9% in 2020 and 85.2% in 2021. In hotels, their weight 69%. The polynomial equations showed a parabolic trend of arrivals and stays by month. Thus, 2021 was a better year than 2020 and in 2022 it is expected that arrivals to represent 85% of the 2019 level. In 2022, 941 new 5 stars hotels will be built to assure more comfort and accommodation capacity. Hotel managers have to use creative and efficient methods to attract more tourists. Offer diversification, customized packages, bonuses, price flexibility, high quality services, an intensified virtual promotion (web-site, social media) could attract more visitors and improve hotels performance.
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ImageCLEF s part of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) since 2003. CLEF 2022 will take place in Bologna, Italy. ImageCLEF is an ongoing evaluation initiative which promotes the evaluation of technologies for annotation, indexing, and retrieval of visual data with the aim of providing information access to large collections of images in various usage scenarios and domains. In its 20th edition, ImageCLEF will have four main tasks: (i) a Medical task addressing concept annotation, caption prediction, and tuberculosis detection;(ii) a Coral task addressing the annotation and localisation of substrates in coral reef images;(iii) an Aware task addressing the prediction of real-life consequences of online photo sharing;and (iv) a new Fusion task addressing late fusion techniques based on the expertise of the pool of classifiers. In 2021, over 100 research groups registered at ImageCLEF with 42 groups submitting more than 250 runs. These numbers show that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, there is strong interest in the evaluation campaign.
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The paper analyzed tourist arrivals in tourist and agri-tourist guesthouses of Romania in the year 2020 compared to 2019 in order to evaluate in what measure this tourism indicator was affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The data provided by National Institute of Statistics allow to establish the dispersion of tourist arrivals in the territory of the country by the eight microregions of development and also to quantify the levels of the specific concentration indices: Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Gini-Struck Index and Coefficient of Concentration. After the year 2019, which reached the top arrivals, overnight stays and receipts in Romania's tourism, the year 2020 brought the Covid-19 pandemic which has disturbed tourism performance. However, in Romania the effects on tourism industry were lower than in other countries. In the periods of relaxation measures, tourists chose safe destinations for combining both the visits to objectives of high interest with tourist services of accommodation and meals at a convenient tariff. From this point of view, tourist and agri-tourist guesthouses were among the best alternatives, and they recorded a higher growth rate of tourist arrivals than at the national level in tourism industry. In 2019, tourist arrivals were higher in the tourist pensions located in the Center, North West, North East and West parts of the country, and in agri-tourist pensions situated in Center, North East, and North West. In 2020, the guesthouses situated in Centre, North West and North East regions registered the highest tourist arrivals. A moderate concentration of the arrivals was confirmed by the values of Herfindahl-Hirschman index which varied between 0.15 and 0.25, by the values of Gini-Struck index which were higher than 0.3 in the year 2019, but a little lower than 0.3 in 2020, and the values of Concentration coefficient which were higher than 0.33. Due to the reduced arrivals in 2020, all the concentration indices had lower values than in the year 2019. As final conclusion, in Romania,it is a moderate concentration of tourist arrivals, and even thou in 2020 there were problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, tourist and agri-tourist guesthouses were an alternative for accommodation and meals, harmoniously combining the need of safety with the desire to visit the tourist attractions of high interest.
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In 2020, education has been hardly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thousands of schools and universities around the world have been forced to close their doors, millions of pupils and students have faced the risk of interrupting their educational path and millions of other teachers have faced the risk of academic freeze. However, the current pandemic, similar to other great plagues that preceded it, through the medical crisis it triggered, has forced states and societies to adapt, to find solutions, to innovate, to progress. A solution to such educational crisis has been the development and large-scale implementation of the e-learning. Considered, until the beginning of the pandemic, an alternative system for traditional education, e-learning has turned into an "essential-learning", becoming the saving solution that has taken the academic year out of the impasse. The change in the status of digital education has led to the development of a new industry, known as ed-tech, and has highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of such an education system. On the one hand stand the advantages of unlimited access to information, the qualitative increase of the teaching performance, the diversity of means of graphic expression and mass media, the development of computer management skills and of graphic editing of teaching materials, advantages shared both by the teaching staff and students. On the other hand, poverty, underdevelopment and technical problems, inherent in the process of data transmission, risk to deepen the gap between the poor and the rich of this world. Therefore, to what extent will e-learning be able to maintain its "essential-learning" status even after the end of the pandemic? What are the strengths and weaknesses of digital education? © 2021, National Defence University - Carol I Printing House. All rights reserved.
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The topic of business formation is especially relevant today when humankind faces the biggest global crisis since World War II. The protection of jobs and workers is vital, and a plethora of measures have been implemented since the outburst of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Remote activity interactions, whether forced or voluntary, shaped the economic landscape, restructured organizations, and reallocated the workforce across industries. In such context, this study investigates the dynamics of business formation in Romania throughout the first year of the coronavirus pandemic. Business formation registered significant growth in the second half of 2020, surpassing the level of the previous year. The analysis is performed at regional level, for 42 administrative regions, considering the intensity of knowledge and technology levels of industries in which new business was formed, according to the Eurostat classification of industries. The score of Knowledge and Technology Intensity (KTIRS) is calculated at regional level. The clustering of regions resulted in 6 cluster templates, given the industrial structure of new business formation. © 2021, Bucharest University of Economic Studies. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Patients suffering from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could experience several extrapulmonary involvements, including liver injury. As the COVID-19 infection continues, and more and more people get infected, we must consider the long-term consequences of this disease since several studies reported persisting symptoms after the infection [1]. Aims & Methods: This study aims to evaluate the presence of liver injury in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome using a liver elastography (LE) study. 70 subjects recovering from COVID-19, and attending the hospital's specialized outpatient clinic for persisting symptoms (fatigue, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, palpitations, reduced exercise capacity) at 3 to 12 weeks after the acute illness were included in this study. All patients had a basal COVID-19 assessment (clinical exam, laboratory findings, thoracic computer-tomography), and subsequently, a clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and LE study. LE study included liver fibrosis, steatosis and viscosity evaluation in the same session using the Aixplorer MACH 30 system: ShearWave Elastography (2D-SWE.PLUS), Sound Speed Plane-wave UltraSound (SSp.PLUS), Attenuation Plane-wave UltraSound (Att.PLUS), and Viscosity Plane-wave UltraSound (Vi.PLUS). Transient Elastography (TE) with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) (FibroScan) were performed in the same session. Patients treated with antiviral therapy known to induce liver injury, patients with known liver disease and with contraindications for liver elastography, were excluded. Results: 70 subjects (mean age 43.5±10.3 y, 41% males) with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. According to the presence and severity of the pulmonary injury assessed on TCT at the initial evaluation, study subjects were divided into 2 subgroups (with and without pulmonary involvement). LS mean values by TE, Vi PLUS (PaS) and CAP (db/m) values were significantly higher in subjects with pulmonary injury (n= 35) compared to those without (5.27±1.58 vs. 4.36±1.54 kPa, p=0.017;1.77±0.28 vs. 1.62±0.24 PaS, p=0.018;300.51±79.88 vs. 262.60±61.83 db/m, p=0.029), while no differences were found between LS by 2D-SWE PLUS and Att. PLUS values (5.27±0.99 vs.4.89±0.82 kPa, p=0.084;0.47±0.11 vs. 0.44±0.10 dB/cm/mHz, p=0.236). According to the time elapsed from the COVID-19 diagnosis until liver elastography evaluation, subjects were divided into two subgroups: with assessments performed in the first 8 weeks-38 patients and within 9 to 12 weeks-32 subjects. LS mean values by TE and Vi PLUS values were significantly higher in subjects evaluated in weeks 9-12 after diagnosis, compared with those evaluated earlier (5.23±2.01 vs. 4.47±1.09 kPa, p=0.048 for TE and 1.78±0.30 vs. 1.60±0.19 PaS, p=0.008 for Vi PLUS, respectively), while no differences were found between LS by 2D-SWE PLUS (5.19±0.88 vs. 4.92±0.93, p=0.26). Conclusion: In patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, persisting symptoms could be explained by residual lesions, whose severity is greater in more severe COVID-19 forms. These patients may be at risk of developing liver fibrosis and should be investigated in this regard in the first 12 weeks after the onset of the infection.
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Food security is one of the basic elements of human security that can only be ensured through a sustainable development of society. On the other hand, food security is an important element of global and national security, and is ensured at European level through the common defence and security policies implemented by the Member States. And this food security, which for many countries in the world is already a difficult problem to manage, was affected in 2019 by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused the whole world to face an unprecedented crisis and which, although it affected the whole world, had an even greater effect on the poor populations that suffered even more, amid an increase in hunger anyway for four consecutive years, that is in the period 2017-2020. In this paper we aimed to analyze the food security situation in European Union countries and how the Covid-19 crisis has affected it. Based on the data provided by international databases, the information was processed, analyzed so that conclusions can be drawn that highlighted the fact that food security is one of the issues of concern to decision makers internationally, but which is ensured for European Union countries this is due to the developed agricultural sector and the productions that manage to ensure the food needs of the European population. The analyzed indicators followed both the agricultural areas and the GDP value, but also the value of the imports and exports of agri-food products at the level of the member countries of the European Union.
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The purpose of the paper was the analysis of the tourism dynamics in Romania's seaside resorts in the period 2010-2019 in order to identify the main trends and characteristics of tourism in this destination. Based on fixed indices and regression models, the results proved that the seaside resorts are high attraction destinations for spending holidays especially in the summer season and also in extra-season. In 2019, tourist arrivals reached 1,153.7 thousands and the overnight stays accounted for 4,658 thousands, being higher than in 2010 by +64.2%, and, respectively, by +58.75%. The use rate of accommodation units in the seaside resorts increased from 33.8% in 2010 to 51.01% in 2019 being much higher than at the national level. More than 97% tourists on the seashore are Romanians. A number of 816.6 thousands tourists, meaning 10 times more than in 2010, took part to one-day trips organized in the proximity of the seaside by the local travel agencies. Even in the pandemic of covid-19, the Romanian seaside resorts were among the most preferred destinations. The main characteristics of Romania's seaside tourism are: the higher attraction for Romanian tourists than for foreigners, the seasonality and also extra-seasonality of offer and demand, the disruption between the decline of the accommodation capacity (units and places) and the increased number of tourists, the large variety of tourism forms for spending time in an active (heliomarine cure, balneary procedures, nautical sports, fishing, entertainment, gastronomic, wine tasting, cultural-historical etc). The seaside resorts have to continue their efforts to offer a modern and comfortable infrastructure, a large range of opportunities for spending vacations and safe stays in order to increase the number of tourists and incomes.
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This paper presents the ideas for the 2021 ImageCLEF lab that will be organized as part of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum—CLEF Labs 2021 in Bucharest, Romania. ImageCLEF is an ongoing evaluation initiative (active since 2003) that promotes the evaluation of technologies for annotation, indexing and retrieval of visual data with the aim of providing information access to large collections of images in various usage scenarios and domains. In 2021, the 19th edition of ImageCLEF will organize four main tasks: (i) a Medical task addressing visual question answering, a concept annotation and a tuberculosis classification task, (ii) a Coral task addressing the annotation and localisation of substrates in coral reef images, (iii) a DrawnUI task addressing the creation of websites from either a drawing or a screenshot by detecting the different elements present on the design and a new (iv) Aware task addressing the prediction of real-life consequences of online photo sharing. The strong participation in 2020, despite the COVID pandemic, with over 115 research groups registering and 40 submitting over 295 runs for the tasks shows an important interest in this benchmarking campaign. We expect the new tasks to attract at least as many researchers for 2021. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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The paper aimed to analyze in what measure the Covid-19 pandemic has influenced tourist flows in Romania's tourism in the year 2020 comparatively with the year 2019 and the 2020 forecast. The main indicators taken into consideration have been tourist arrivals, overnight stays and travels abroad. The data provided by the National Institute of Statistics have been processed using the annual average growth for setting up the 2020 forecast, and the index method allowed to quantify the percentage differences carried out in 2020 versus 2019 and the forecast level. In 2020, in Romania, tourism arrivals declined by 53%, but less compared to Europe 70 % or 74% at the global level. Romanians represents 93% of total arrivals, but their number decreased by 45% compared to 2019. Also, overnight stays declined by 51.65% and the residents' travels abroad by 58.8%. A critical situation was in case of foreign tourists' flow which diminished by 83.2% and the number of overnight stays by 81.1%. The most difficult period for tourism in the year 2020 was March-June, but in July-September, it was noticed a recovery. However, tourism industry was also affected regarding its receipts, turnover, personnel, and tourism units, many of them being closed and a few of them failed due to the imposed restrictions by authorities to diminish the spread of the pandemic. Romanians saved tourism rediscovering the beauty of the natural, cultural and historical treasures of their own country, spending their vacations at the seaside, in the mountains and in the rural areas, and, in general, preferring accommodation in small hotels and tourist and agri-tourist guesthouses. Rural tourism was a niche which offered safer stays, more activities in nature and benefiting of hospitality suitable for families and small groups of friends. Romania's tourism has to be more flexible in the year 2021 and the coming years in adapting the development strategy paying attention to the increased demand for domestic tourism including offers and experiences in open-air, nature-based and slow travel destinations. At international level Romania has to be promoted as a rural destination which is able to offer a high quality hospitality and the beauty of the country.
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The Covid Crisis - 19 meant for each of us an experience that we have never lived before and that we saw as a form of isolation from all that means socially, the negative impact on the economy being at the same time an undisputed one. And yet, can't it be the beginning of a new path? Can't it also have positive effects on our lives and on the entire planet? Doesn't it mean sustainability, doesn't it mean reinvention and the beginning of a new road, more modest, more relaxed, less aggressive with the environment? In this paper we aimed to analyze how the Covid - 19 crisis has influenced the tourism industry and how this could contribute to its reinvention, to the promotion of a sustainable tourism, to the finding of new ways to practice tourism. The study is based on the analysis of different bibliographic sources, on the analysis of statistical data, on the experience of some creators of sustainable forms of tourism that could be extended and that could contribute to the good of the planet and ours.
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In 2020, the world population was surprised by the spread and aggressiveness of a pandemic outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 disease (caused by COVID-19 coronavirus). In a world-spread effort to diminish the medical effects, the measures employed by a large majority of countries severely influenced all economic sectors, including the energy one. This paper reports on the status of energy sources and usage on the Romanian market within worldwide context and current effects of the national contingency plan measures on the energy market, especially on solar photovoltaic area. The conclusions should offer a perspective of changes occurring on national and international level in the energy area, in both existing and future investments market. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
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Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the economy of a country, but any event with negative connotations such as the appearance of epidemics, terrorist attacks, economic or social instability influences the activity in this sector. In the context of the current crisis triggered by the onset of coronavirus (COVID - 19) and based on past experiences, in this paper we intend to analyse how in the last 20 years, different epidemics have contributed to reducing tourism in the affected areas and to economic losses important. The paper tests by empirical analyses based on the data published in different international databases, as well as by a quantitative analysis how the appearance of epidemics influences the tourism in both the affected areas, as well as worldwide.